While the large representative datasets were a strength of our study, we did not have enough power to examine nuanced within-group differences, as racial groups are heterogeneous. Moreover, the data was from the years 2001–2003, and may not necessarily reflect the ways in which discrimination and suicidality have evolved in the United States over the past two decades. Scholars have proposed other frameworks to understand suicide risk specifically for African Americans (Klibert et al., 2015), highlighting the importance interpersonal discord, feeling as though one’s culture is not acceptable, and low self-concept, all Drexel Latinx Cultural Identity Resources of which can be exacerbated after repeated exposures to discrimination. Additionally, discrimination in its more severe forms (e.g. being threatened or attacked) may involve painful and fear-inducing experiences, increasing the risk for suicidal behaviors. There have been some application of the IPTS to racial and ethnic minorities, verifying that low belonging and perceived burdensomeness predict suicide attempts among White, African-American, Hispanic, and Hispanic Blacks, though differences across racial groups were not observed.

Advance Health & Well-Being

Youth safety must be central to any crisis response, yet systems must be changed to protect youth of color from criminalization and race-based trauma during times of crisis and recovery. This challenge can be seen in the decision by telephone suicide hotlines as to whether to use or not use non-consensual active rescue protocols (e.g., tracing callers’ Internet Protocol (IP) address or geolocation and sending police or psychiatric crisis response without a caller’s consent). To mitigate disparities and prevent deaths by suicide at a structural level, it is necessary to radically shift how material resources are allocated. Mental health providers may view these efforts as outside the scope of their work, but bring an important perspective to bear on system-level change. Macro-level interventions range from shifting public policies to dismantling social and political determinants of suicide (91).

• Even as these preliminary results inform possible modifications to or extensions of theoretical models of suicide, they may also begin to inform development and treatment adaptation for the prevention of suicide in Black youth.
• Family environment should be assessed for risk and protective factors for youth STBs.
• Youth in a suicidal crisis are at increased risk since nearly 25% of people police killed in the last seven years had a documented mental disorder (83).
• To be effective, mental health care must address every aspect of an individual and what she or he needs to recover and flourish.
• However, the literature has been inconsistent, calling for more population studies.

Racism and Discrimination.

However, some populations are disproportionately impacted (Stone et al., 2021). This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article. Cultural Consensus Modeling to identify culturally relevant reasons for and against suicide among Black adolescents. The results of CCM research can help inform extant theories of suicidal behavior and identify unique mechanisms or opportunities for preventive interventions.

Grouping by continent of origin is problematic due to individuals’ differences across continents, and because someone from Asia, for example, who migrated recently is likely to be distinct from a native who has historical Asian origins (sometimes many generations in the past). We estimated the standard error of the approximate RR using standard errors of both these crude rates, which was 0.06 on the log scale. The primary analysis was conducted on studies of reasonable quality (i.e., moderate-high), and a secondary analysis was conducted including studies of low quality. Disagreements regarding methodological quality of included studies were resolved by a third author (MIT/DK). The Newcastle Ottawa Scale is designed for case-control and cohort studies; the wording of the scale was altered to be relevant to the exposure and outcomes of interest.

Suicide research is more often guided by hypotheses regarding risk or protective factors than by theoretical frameworks. While there is an abundance of empirical studies on suicidal behavior, suicidal behavior research is not adequately inspired by theory (Joiner, 2005). The purpose of this meeting was to explore how culture can be considered in the design, development, and implementation of suicidal behavior prevention programs. In recent years in the United States, sexual abuse is increasingly being recognized as a factor in girls’ nonfatal suicidal behavior.